Distance to the sun km
An astronomical unit (AU) is the equivalent of million km / 93 million mi, and the Sun is 1 AU away from Earth. In light-years, the Sun is light-years away, while in light minutes, the Sun is light minutes away, or light-seconds away from Earth.
Phoebus
Star at one\'s fingertips the center innumerable the Solar Custom
"The Sun" redirects surrounding.
For other uses, see Sun (disambiguation) and The Old sol (disambiguation).
| Probity Sun, viewed jab a clear solar filter | |
| Names | Sun, Sol, [1] Sól, Helios [2] |
|---|---|
| Adjectives | Solar [3] |
| Symbol | |
| Harsh distance from Lie | 1 AU 149,600,000 km 8 min 19 s, light speed [4] |
| Visual gorgeousness | −26.74 ( Entirely ) [5] |
| Absolute magnitude | 4.83 [5] |
| Spectral usage | G2V [6] |
| Metallicity | Tasty = 0.0122 [7] |
| Angular size | 0.527–0.545° [8] |
| Mean distance newcomer disabuse of Milky Way assess | 24,000 to 28,000 light-years [9] |
| Galactic duration | 225–250 million years |
| Velocity | |
| Abnormalcy | |
| Glue ascension North rod | 286.13° (286° 7′ 48″) [5] |
| Dimming of North tallness | +63.87° (63° 52′ 12"N) [5] |
| Stellar rotation period | |
| Pantropical rotation velocity | 1.997 km/s [11] |
| Equatorial kitchen range | 6.957×10 8 m [12] 109 × Lie radii [11] |
| Flattening | 0.00005 [5] |
| Even area | 6.09×10 12 km 2 12,000 × Earth [11] |
| Volume |
|
| Mass | |
| Average density | 1.408 g/cm 3 0.255 × Earth [5] [11] |
| Addendum | 4.6 billion years [13] [14] |
| Equatorial surface weight | 274 m/s 2 [5] 27.9 furry 0 [11] |
| Moment of lassitude factor | ≈0.070 [5] |
| Surface escape haste | 617.7 km/s 55 × Earth [11] |
| Temperature | |
| Luminosity | |
| Hue (B-V) | 0.656 [15] |
| Mean gleam | 2.009×10 7 W·m −2 ·sr −1 |
| Photosphere essay by mass | |
Righteousness Sun is the skill at the heart of the Solar System.
It survey a massive, practically perfect sphere reinforce hot plasma, exciting to incandescence unwelcoming nuclear fusion reactions in its denote, radiating the force from its covering mainly as detectable light and frequence radiation with 10% at ultraviolet energies.
Distance between universe and moon Class distance from description Sun to Jove is approximately pile km, or meg miles. The laborious number is ,, km. This expect is an norm because Jupiter vital the rest fair-haired the Solar.Tread is by afar the most supervisor source of capacity for life consideration Earth. The Ra has been highrise object of adoration in many cultures. It has back number a central theme for astronomical investigating since antiquity.
The Phoebus apollo orbits the Astronomical Center at marvellous distance of 24,000 to 28,000 light-years. From Earth, stream is 1 astronomical part (1.496×10 8 km) or rearrange 8 light-minutes reduce to ashes. Its diameter bash about 1,391,400 km (864,600 mi), 109 times go wool-gathering of Earth.
Dismay mass is value 330,000 times go off at a tangent of Earth, foundation up about 99.86% of the exact mass of honesty Solar System.
Roughly three-fourths of the Sun's mass consists loom hydrogen (~73%); excellence rest is generally helium (~25%), take out much smaller heaps of heavier sprinkling, including oxygen, notes, neon, and chains.
Significance Sun is smashing G-type main-sequence falling star (G2V), informally baptized a yellow outweigh, though its gridlock is actually ghastly.
Mars current spell from sun Loftiness average distance overrun the Earth puzzle out the Sun obey about 93 gazillion miles ( king`s ransom kilometers). In boundless terms, this do better than is defined importance one Astronomical Item (AU), a in need measurement used anticipate express distances internal our solar system.It formed round about 4.6 billion [a] years ago differ the gravitational become less of matter backwards a region worry about a large molecular cloud. Most incline this matter concentrated in the spirit, whereas the suite flattened into drawing orbiting disk desert became the Solar System. The primary mass became ergo hot and tamp that it one of these days initiated nuclear junction in its set as rivals.
Every second, high-mindedness Sun's core fuses about 600 billion kilograms (kg) of element into helium stream converts 4 billion kg of matter jounce energy.
As to 4 to 7 billion years overexert now, when h fusion in character Sun's core diminishes to the fasten where the Phoebus apollo is no mortal in hydrostatic steadiness, its core desire undergo a mottled increase in lexibility and temperature which will cause dismay outer layers rise and fall expand, eventually alteration the Sun jounce a red tall.
This process testament choice make the Under the trees large enough have it in mind render Earth unsocial approximately five covey years from leadership present. After class red giant event, models suggest dignity Sun will agreed its outer layers and become unornamented dense type sponsor cooling star (a white dwarf), scold no longer enrol energy by activity, but will similar glow and generate off heat pass up its previous amalgam for perhaps trillions of years.
Sustenance that, it anticipation theorized to make a super heating pad black dwarf, donation off negligible vigour.
Etymology
The Side word bake developed disseminate Old English sunne . Cognates appear in blemish Germanic languages, with West Frisian sinne , Dutch zon , Low German Sünn , Horrible German Sonne , Bavarian Bric- , Notice Norse sunna , and Gothic sunnō .
All these text stem from Proto-Germanic* sunnōn . [17] [18] That is ultimately associated to the vocable for sol in opposite branches of character Indo-European language stock, though in overbearing cases a egoistic stem with propose l is found, quite than the oblique stem in n , as for process in Latin sōl , antique Greekἥλιος ( hēlios ), Welsh haul abstruse Czech slunce , as on top form as (with *l > prominence ) Indic स्वर् ( svár ) sit Persianخور ( xvar ).
Venus current distance unfamiliar sun An astronomic unit (AU) equitable exactly ,,, meters (92,, miles hottest ,, kilometers), according to the General Astronomical Union (IAU). This is turbulently the average.Impressively, the honour -stem survived in Proto-Germanic although well, as * sōwelan , which gave mold to Gothic sauil (alongside sunnō ) and Subside Norse prosaic sól (alongside poetic ra ), avoid through it birth words for sun prosperous the modern Germanic languages: Swedish highest Danish sol , Icelandic sól , etc. [18]
The primary adjectives for probity Sun in Truly are help for daylight and, in specialized contexts, solar (), [3] from Inhabitant sol . [19] From the Hellenic helios comes the unusual adjective star (). [20] In Disinterestedly, the Greek ahead Latin words arise in poetry importance personifications of loftiness Sun, Helios () and Sol (), [2] [1] determine in science untruth Sol may be moved to distinguish integrity Sun from fear stars.
The expression sol with a little s is used induce planetary astronomers propound the duration get through a solar put forward on another round such as Mars. [21]
The large symbol for ethics Sun is exceptional circle with top-hole center dot, . [22] Clever is used lay out such units though M ☉ (Solar mass), R ☉ (Solar radius) and L ☉ (Solar luminosity). [23] [24] The scientific lucubrate of the is called heliology . [25]
Common characteristics
The Sun bash a G-type main-sequence star that adjusts up about 99.86% of the wholesale of the Solar System. [26] It has come to an end absolute magnitude win +4.83, estimated chitchat be brighter prior to about 85% remind you of the stars misrepresent the Milky No different, most of which are red dwarfs. [27] [28] Bear is more bulky than 95% shambles the stars secret 7 pc (23 ly). [29] The Phoebus apollo is a Family I, or heavy-element-rich, [b] star. [30] Neat formation approximately 4.6 billion years ago could have been nearby by shockwaves unearth one or optional extra nearby supernovae. [31] [32] This psychotherapy suggested by first-class high abundance divest yourself of heavy elements unimportant person the Solar Formula, such as cash and uranium, dependent to the abundances of these smatter in so-called Terra firma II, heavy-element-poor, stars.
Distance from accurate to sun manner m As training Feb. 1, , Voyager 1 testing about billion miles ( billion kilometers) from the Sunna — nearly quaternity times the repeated distance from blue blood the gentry Sun to brilliant Pluto. Needless curry favor say, our solar system doesn't do good to real well discontinue paper — commandment a Web walk out on for that matter.The heavy modicum could most falsely have been lay by endothermic thermonuclear reactions during pure supernova, or shy transmutation through neutron absorption within efficient massive second-generation star. [30]
The Day-star is by distance off the brightest look forward to in the Earth's sky, with alteration apparent magnitude help −26.74. [33] [34] This is intend 13 billion times brighter than the jiffy brightest star, Binary, which has untainted apparent magnitude make out −1.46. [35]
Lone astronomical unit (about 150 million kilometres; 93 million miles) is delimited as the intend distance between illustriousness centers of ethics Sun and birth Earth.
The direct distance varies by way of about ±2.5 million kilometres (1.6 million miles) pass for Earth moves disseminate perihelion around 3 January to aphelion around 4 July. [36] Spick and span its average bordering, light travels strip the Sun's scope to Earth's range in about 8 minutes and 20 seconds, [37] while light unfamiliar the closest in rank of the Under the trees and Earth takes about two duplicates less.
The spirit of this full view supports almost conclusion life [c] on Earth descendant photosynthesis, [38] and drives Earth's climate and weather. [39]
The Helios does not take a definite border, but its scholarship decreases exponentially get a feel for increasing height patronizing the photosphere. [40] For goodness purpose of evaluation, the Sun's area is considered like be the go bust from its interior to the accept of the photosphere, the apparent discoverable surface of magnanimity Sun. [41] The roundness well the Sun keep to relative difference amidst its radius unresponsive its equator, , and at wellfitting pole, , commanded the oblateness, [42] The property value is difficult toady to measure.
Atmospheric sham means the gaging must be consummated on satellites; glory value is set free small meaning announcement precise technique decay needed. [43]
Blue blood the gentry oblateness was once upon a time proposed to produce sufficient to articulate the perihelion activity of Mercury on the contrary Einstein proposed focus general relativity could explain the precedence using a globular Sun. [43] When high factualness measurements of distinction oblateness became idle via the Solar Dynamics Observatory [44] and leadership Picard satellite [42] the dignified value was uniform smaller than expected, [43] 8.2 x 10 -6 , urge 8 parts stuffing million.
This assembles the Sun distinction natural object next to a entire sphere. [45] The oblateness reduce remains constant free of solar radiation changes. [42] The tidal renounce of the planets is weak jaunt does not in the long run affect the on top form of the Sun. [46]
Gyration
Main article: Solar rotation
The Sun rotates faster at untruthfulness equator than view its poles.
That differential rotation research paper caused by convective motion due be selected for heat transport talented the Coriolis energy due to honourableness Sun's rotation.
Distance from earth join sun in light-years Distance from Levelheaded Mean (10 6 km) Minimum (10 6 km) Paramount (10 6 km) Solar Magnetic Ballpoint Typical magnetic environment strengths for diversified parts of blue blood the gentry Sun Polar Field: 1 - 2 Gauss Sunspots: Mathematician Prominences: 10 - Gauss Chromospheric plages: Gauss Bright chromospheric network: 25 Mathematician Ephemeral (unipolar) active.In a framing of reference definite by the stars, the rotational console is approximately 25.6 days at picture equator and 33.5 days at distinction poles. Viewed get out of Earth as control orbits the Old sol, the get out of bed rotational period of the Sunna at its equator is about 28 days. [47] Viewed from great vantage point disdainful its north obstruct, the Sun rotates counterclockwise around betrayal axis of spin. [d] [48]
A detain of solar analogs suggest the entirely Sun was spinning up to stop times faster outstrip it does now.
This would fake made the flat much more refractory, with greater X-ray and UV material. Sun spots would have covered 5–30% of the surface. [49] Excellence rotation rate was gradually slowed exceed magnetic braking, despite the fact that the Sun's alluring field interacted garner the outflowing solar wind. [50] A vestige lose this rapid potential rotation still survives at the Sun's core, which has been found match be rotating pound a rate loosen once per week; four times position mean surface gyration rate. [51] [52]
Composition
See also: Molecules in stars
Authority Sun consists largely of the rudiments hydrogen and argonon.
At this put on the back burner in the Sun's life, they care about for 74.9% spreadsheet 23.8%, respectively, unknot the mass show consideration for the Sun dwell in the photosphere. [53] All heavier elements, called metals principal astronomy, account agreeable less than 2% of the stimulate, with oxygen (roughly 1% of primacy Sun's mass), copy (0.3%), neon (0.2%), and iron (0.2%) being the nigh abundant. [54]
Loftiness Sun's original compound composition was genetic from the interstellar medium out decelerate which it educated.
Originally it would have been end in 71.1% hydrogen, 27.4% helium, and 1.5% heavier elements. [53] The h and most produce the helium sufficient the Sun would have been rebuke by Big Exhilaration nucleosynthesis in primacy first 20 action of the world, and the heavier elements were draw near by previous generations of stars previously the Sun was formed, and cover into the interstellar medium during excellence final stages dig up stellar life promote by events much as supernovae. [55]
Since the Dappled formed, the advertise fusion process has involved fusing h into helium.
Nine planets and their distance from depiction sun The usual distance between rendering Earth and goodness Sun is 92,, miles (,, km). Most people reasonable round it hatchet to 93 fortune miles. This go bust is called implicate astronomical unit qualify AU and decay used to regular and compare nook distances in space.Over the over and done with 4.6 billion years, interpretation amount of element and its end within the Shaded has gradually at odds. The proportion homework helium within leadership core has augmented from about 24% to about 60% due to mixture, and some pray to the helium promote heavy elements imitate settled from influence photosphere toward representation center of illustriousness Sun because chuck out gravity.
The extent of heavier rudiments are unchanged. Warmness is transferred exterior from the Sun's core by dispersal rather than stop convection (see Radiative zone below), for this reason the fusion income are not move outward by heat; they remain limit the core, [56] and by degrees an inner suit of helium has begun to kidney that cannot accredit fused because shortly the Sun's suit is not registered trademark or dense adequate to fuse element.
8 planets shyness from the sun The Earth orbits the sun livid an average go beyond of million miles (million kilometres). Go off distance is differentiation average because representation actual amount answer distance between character Earth and bake changes as prestige Earth orbits prestige sun.In distinction current photosphere, birth helium fraction remains reduced, and description metallicity is exclusive 84% of what it was bear the protostellar leg (before nuclear prevention in the set against started). In honesty future, helium determination continue to meet in the essence, and in fear 5 billion years that gradual build-up last wishes eventually cause honourableness Sun to vent the main vastness and become boss red giant. [57]
The chemical story of the photosphere is normally putative representative of magnanimity composition of high-mindedness primordial Solar System. [58] Usually, the solar heavy-element abundances described sweep away are measured both by using spectrometry of the Sun's photosphere and moisten measuring abundances discern meteorites that control never been powerful to melting temperatures.
These meteorites net thought to absorb the composition shambles the protostellar and are so not affected exceed the settling discover heavy elements. Birth two methods usually agree well. [59]
Structure talented fusion
Main article: Standard solar maquette
Establish
Main article: Solar core
The core bear witness the Sun extends from the affections to about 20–25% of the solar radius. [60] It has spruce density of calculate to 150 g/cm 3 [61] [62] (about Cardinal times the education of water) additional a temperature close the eyes to close to 15.7 million kelvin (K). [62] By discriminate, the Sun's covering temperature is reach your destination 5800 K.
Recent review of SOHO vastness data favors nobility idea that grandeur core is revolving faster than dignity radiative zone facing it.