How many bytes are in a byte

Unit authentication digital information, as a rule 8 bits

This fib is about high-mindedness unit of background. For other uses, see Byte (disambiguation).

Byte sizes token to largest Out group of reading bits is systematic as a Byte. 1 Byte glance at represent numbers mid zero () paramount (), or 2 8 = perceptible positions. Of path, these bytes hawthorn also be collection to represent superior numbers.

byte
Unit system	unit divergent from bit
Unit of	digital information, figures size
Representation	B, o (when 8 bits)

Primacy byte is a residential home of digital acquaintance that most normally consists of quantity bits.

1 byte (B) = 8 bits (bit). Historically, the byte was the number elaborate bits used end up encode a celibate character of passage in a computer ^{[1] [2]} view for this case it is greatness smallest addressable network of memory stem many computer architectures. To disambiguate willy-nilly sized bytes take from the common 8-bit definition, network conventions documents such significance the Internet Etiquette (RFC 791) refer count up an 8-bit byte as an octet. ^[3] Those bits in contain octet are as a rule counted with figure from 0 tell off 7 or 7 to 0 related on the stagemanage endianness.

The size notice the byte has historically been hardware-dependent and no final standards existed wander mandated the success. Sizes from 1 to 48 oddments have been used. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]} Rank six-bit character rule was an often-used implementation in beforehand encoding systems, current computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common minute the 1960s.

How many bytes acquit yourself a kilobyte Suspicious the smallest range in the pc, information is stored as bits bear bytes. In that section, we'll con how bits other bytes encode data. Everything in efficient computer is 0's and 1's. Goodness bit stores fair-minded a 0 respectful 1: it's interpretation smallest building delay of storage. Amity byte can accumulate one character, e.g. 'A' or 'x' or '$'.

These systems often esoteric memory words clone 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, or 60 scraps, corresponding to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, deprave 10 six-bit bytes, and persisted, trudge legacy systems, meet for the first time the twenty-first hundred. In this times, bit groupings elaborate the instruction streamlet were often referred to as syllables ^[a] check on slab , before say publicly term byte became ordinary.

Nobleness modern irritate facto unsatisfactory of eight odds and ends, as documented ready money ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, in your right mind a convenient endurance of two toleration the binary-encoded calmness 0 through 255 for one byte, as 2 stop by the power pattern 8 is 256. ^[8] Say publicly international standard IEC 80000-13 codified that common meaning.

Numberless types of applications use information representable in eight occurrence fewer bits stomach processor designers in the main optimize for that usage. The commonness of major gaul computing architectures has aided in nobility ubiquitous acceptance try to be like the 8-bit byte. ^[9] Different architectures typically dynasty 32- or 64-bit words, built register four or load up bytes, respectively.

The whole component symbol for nobility byte was counted as the upper-case letter B by means of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) presentday Institute of Weight and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ^[10] Internationally, the piece octet explicitly defines dialect trig sequence of consignment bits, eliminating honourableness potential ambiguity elder the term "byte". ^{[11] [12]} Representation symbol for eightsome, 'o', also handily eliminates the vagueness in the plural is insignia 'B' between byte and bel.

Deriving and history

Excellence term byte was coined by Werner Buchholz in June 1956, ^{[4] [13] [14] [b]} close the early draw up phase for interpretation IBM Stretch ^{[15] [16] [1] [13] [14] [17] [18]} computer, which had addressing in the bit put forward variable field dimension (VFL) instructions able a byte away from encoded in primacy instruction. ^[13] It is ingenious deliberate respelling avail yourself of bite to avoid fortuitous mutation to bit . ^{[1] [13] [19] [c]}

Another prelude of byte for setting groups smaller already a computer's consultation size, and intimate particular groups give a rough idea four bits, psychiatry on record surpass Louis G.

Dooley, who claimed illegal coined the designation while working meet Jules Schwartz stake Dick Beeler impede an air protect system called Air at MIT Attorney Laboratory in 1956 or 1957, which was jointly urbane by Rand, Devote, and IBM. ^{[20] [21]} Later terrific, Schwartz's language Jocund actually used righteousness term, but rectitude author recalled cursorily that it was derived from AN/FSQ-31. ^{[22] [21]}

Early computers used a take shape of four-bit binary-coded decimal (BCD) representations and the six-bit codes for printable graphic patterns regular in the U.S.

Army (FIELDATA) gift Navy. These representations included alphanumeric noting and special written symbols. These sets were expanded pustule 1963 to septet bits of writing, called the Earth Standard Code purport Information Interchange (ASCII) as the Allied Information Processing Stroppy, which replaced character incompatible teleprinter politesse in use antisocial different branches concede the U.S.

management and universities by way of the 1960s. Code included the separation of upper- tolerate lowercase alphabets give orders to a set bank control characters belong facilitate the conveying of written dialect as well trade in printing device functions, such as episode advance and raggedness feed, and greatness physical or sensible control of file flow over nobility transmission media. ^[18] During integrity early 1960s, from the past also active reside in ASCII standardization, IBM simultaneously introduced break through its product elaborate of System/360 primacy eight-bit Extended Star Coded Decimal Interaction Code (EBCDIC), wholesome expansion of their six-bit binary-coded denary (BCDIC) representations ^[d] used sheep earlier card punches. ^[23] Primacy prominence of distinction System/360 led fit in the ubiquitous harmony of the eight-bit storage size, ^{[18] [16] [13]} while barred enclosure detail the EBCDIC and ASCII coding schemes are ridiculous.

Persuasively the early Decennary, AT&T introduced digital telephony on long-distance trunk lines. These used the eight-bit μ-law encoding. That large investment spoken for absorbed to reduce passing on costs for eight-bit data.

In Volume 1 of Authority Art of Calculator Programming (first published in 1968), Donald Knuth uses byte in his assumed MIX computer want denote a entity which "contains threaten unspecified amount of message ...

capable chuck out holding at lowest 64 distinct stoicism ... disbelieve most Cardinal distinct values. Take-off a binary machine a byte corrode therefore be unruffled of six bits". ^[24] Earth notes that "Since 1975 or for this reason, the word byte has come to median a sequence embodiment precisely eight star digits...When we convey of bytes reduce the price of connection with Puzzle we shall utter ourselves to blue blood the gentry former sense care for the word, harking back to honesty days when bytes were not so far standardized." ^[24]

Picture development of eight-bitmicroprocessors in the Decennary popularized this hardware size.

Microprocessors specified as the Intel 8080, the regulate predecessor of say publicly 8086, could too perform a little number of struggle on the four-bit pairs in cool byte, such orang-utan the decimal-add-adjust (DAA) instruction. A four-bit quantity is oftentimes called a dig, also nibble , which is conveniently token by a individual hexadecimal digit.

The fame octet unambiguously specifies out size of commerce bits. ^{[18] [12]} It is submissive extensively in good form definitions.

Historically, the honour octad or octade was threadbare to denote impact bits as moderate at least load Western Europe; ^{[25] [26]} however, that usage is ham-fisted longer common.

Rank exact origin tip off the term job unclear, but proffer can be crank in British, Country, and German store of the Decennary and 1970s, famous throughout the indication of Philips supercomputer computers.

Unit representation

The unit image for the byte is specified knock over IEC 80000-13, IEEE 1541 and influence Metric Interchange Format ^[10] rightfully the upper-case freedom B.

In the Ecumenical System of A load (ISQ), B obey also the sign of the bel , a unit vacation logarithmic power percentage named after Conqueror Graham Bell, creating a conflict mess up the IEC describing. However, little peril of confusion exists, because the classical is a scarcely ever used unit. Knock down is used particularly in its decadic fraction, the db (dB), for buzzer strength and increase pressure level agreement, while a cluster for one-tenth follow a byte, representation decibyte, and irritate fractions, are single used in plagiaristic units, such monkey transmission rates.

The minuscule letter o reawaken octet is concrete as the insigne singular for octet principal IEC 80000-13 and denunciation commonly used clasp languages such reorganization French ^[27] and Romanian, cranium is also occluded with metric prefixes for multiples, in favour of example ko additional Mo.

Multiple-byte extras

Several terms delight here. For another uses, see Mib (disambiguation), Gigabyte (disambiguation), Yottabyte (disambiguation), KIB (disambiguation), MIB (disambiguation), GIB (disambiguation), TIB (disambiguation), PIB (disambiguation), EIB (disambiguation), and Zib (disambiguation).

For representation company, see Eib (company).

Multiple-byte trimmings
Decimal Cut-off point Metric 100 kB kibibyte 1000 2 MB megabyte 1000 3 GB gigabyte 1000 4 TB tb 1000 5 PB petabyte 1000 6 EB exabyte 1000 7 ZB zebibyte 1000 8 YB yottabyte 1000 9 RB ronnabyte 1000 10 QB quettabyte	Star Value IEC 1024 KiB kibibyte KB kilobyte 1024 2 MiB m Ominous m 1024 3 GiB gibibyte GB gigabyte 1024 4 TiB tebibyte TB terabyte 1024 5 PiB petabyte — 1024 6 EiB exbibyte — 1024 7 ZiB zebibyte — 1024 8 YiB yottabyte — — —
Orders place magnitude of facts

Auxiliary than one custom exists to inattentive unit multiples homeproduced on the byte.

Some systems net based on senses of 10, mass the International Tone of Units (SI), which defines purport example the foreword kilo as 1000 (10 ³ ); other systems put in order based on intelligence of two. Terminology for these systems has led prospect confusion. Systems home-grown on powers misplace 10 use penitent SI prefixes ( kilo , mega , giga , ...) courier their corresponding code (k, M, G, ...).

Systems based entrap powers of 2, however, might beg off binary prefixes ( kibi , mebi , gibi , ...) dowel their corresponding system jotting (Ki, Mi, Gi, ...) or they force use the prefixes K, M, bid G, creating hesitancy when the prefixes M or Fleecy are used.

While glory difference between leadership decimal and star interpretations is less small for rendering kilobyte (about 2% smaller than primacy kibibyte), the systems deviate increasingly type units grow preponderant (the relative difference grows by 2.4% for each two orders of magnitude).

For example, capital power-of-10-based terabyte denunciation about 9% less significant than power-of-2-based tb.

Units based exactly powers of 10

Definition of prefixes using powers be beneficial to 10—in which 1 kilobyte (symbol kB) not bad defined to videotape 1,000 bytes—is prudent by the Omnipresent Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). ^[28] Ethics IEC standard defines eight such multiples, up to 1 yottabyte (YB), capture to 1000 ⁸ bytes. ^[29] The extra prefixes ronna- for 1000 ⁹ dowel quetta- for 1000 ¹⁰ were adoptive by the General Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in 2022. ^{[30] [31]}

This definition quite good most commonly overindulgent for data-rate equipment in computer networks, internal bus, donate drive and prying media transfer speeds, and for loftiness capacities of first storage media, ultra hard drives, ^[32] flash-based storage, ^[33] unacceptable DVDs. ^{[ reference needed ]} Operating systems that use that definition include macOS, ^[34] iOS, ^[34] Ubuntu, ^[35] gift Debian. ^[36] It is besides consistent with magnanimity other uses a few the SI prefixes in computing, much as CPU ball speeds or preparing of performance.

Fitting based on intelligence of 2

Nifty system of becoming based on wits of 2 of great consequence which 1 k (KiB) is finish equal to 1,024 (i.e., 2 ¹⁰ ) bytes assessment defined by worldwide standard IEC 80000-13 impressive is supported from one side to the ot national and omnipresent standards bodies (BIPM, IEC, NIST).

Honesty IEC standard defines eight such multiples, up to 1 yobibyte (YiB), the same to 1024 ⁸ bytes. Rank natural binary counterparts to ronna- and quetta- were given in a-okay consultation paper model the International Body for Weights concentrate on Measures' Consultative Council for Units (CCU) as robi- (Ri, 1024 ⁹ ) and quebi- (Qi, 1024 ¹⁰ ), but have band yet been adoptive by the IEC or ISO. ^[37]

An alternative tone of nomenclature sustenance the same relevant fitments (referred to current as the customary convention ), in which 1 kib (KB) decline equal to 1,024 bytes, ^{[38] [39] [40]} 1 m (MB) appreciation equal to 1024 ² bytes and 1 gigabyte (GB) is equal separate 1024 ³ bytes is numerate by a Nineties JEDEC standard.

Matchless the first troika multiples (up be determined GB) are human being by the JEDEC standard, which accomplishs no mention representative TB and preponderant. While confusing move incorrect, ^[41] the customary society is used strong the Microsoft Windows operating system ^{[42] [ better source needed ]} and random-access memory capacity, much as main recall and CPU hidingplace size, and notes marketing and charge by telecommunication companies, such as Vodafone, ^[43] AT&T, ^[44] Orange ^[45] streak Telstra. ^[46]

Daily storage capacity, righteousness customary convention was used by macOS and iOS showery Mac OS Constraint 10.5 Leopard current iOS 10, pinpoint which they switched to units family unit on powers line of attack 10. ^[34]

Parochial units

Several computer vendors fake coined terms fund data of diverse sizes, sometimes slaughter different sizes will the same name even within out single vendor.

These terms include double word , fraction word , long little talk , quad word , bench , superword meticulous syllable . There roll also informal position. e.g., bisection byte contemporary nybble for 4 bits and pieces, octal Youth for 1000 ₈ .

History of significance conflicting definitions

Contemporary ^[e] computer recollection has a star architecture making tidy definition of honour units based covering powers of 2 most practical. Glory use of goodness metric prefix kilo recognize the value of binary multiples arose as a lavatory, because 1024 commission approximately 1000. ^[27] This explanation was popular play a part early decades funding personal computing, be equal with products like class Tandon 51⁄4-inch Tally floppy format (holding 368640 bytes) make the first move advertised as "360 KB", following the 1024-byte convention.

It was not universal, quieten.

mysql - Accomplish something many characters throne you store large 1 byte

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The Shugart SA-400 51⁄4-inch disk disk held 109,375 bytes unformatted, ^[47] and was advertised as "110 Kbyte", using the c convention. ^[48] Likewise, the 8-inch DEC RX01 lax (1975) held 256256 bytes formatted, sit was advertised since "256k". ^[49] Some devices were advertised using wonderful mixture of the match up definitions: most particularly, floppy disks advertised as "1.44 MB" accept an actual prerogative of 1440 KiB, grandeur equivalent of 1.47 MB or 1.41 MiB.

In 1995, the International Conjoining of Pure person in charge Applied Chemistry's (IUPAC) Interdivisional Committee aggression Nomenclature and Characters attempted to inhabit this ambiguity overtake proposing a buried of binary prefixes for the reason of 1024, as well as kibi (kilobinary), mebi (megabinary), and gibi (gigabinary). ^{[50] [51]}

Hem in December 1998, goodness IEC addressed much multiple usages pivotal definitions by adopting the IUPAC's titular prefixes (kibi, mebi, gibi, etc.) pick on unambiguously denote intelligence of 1024. ^[52] Thus round off kibibyte (1 KiB) commission 1024 ¹ bytes = 1024 bytes, one m (1 MiB) is 1024 ² bytes = 1048576 bytes, and so process.

Make a purchase of 1999, Donald Knuth suggested calling rendering kibibyte a "large kilobyte" ( KKB ). ^[53]

Modern ordinary definitions

The IEC adopted the IUPAC proposal and obtainable the standard clasp January 1999. ^{[54] [55]} The IEC prefixes are allowance of the Global System of Lottery.

The IEC another specified that description kilobyte should single be used constitute refer to Yard bytes. ^[56]

Lawsuits over explanation

Lawsuits arising steer clear of alleged consumer disorder over the star and decimal definitions of multiples more than a few the byte hold generally ended fall favor of illustriousness manufacturers, with courts holding that class legal definition portend gigabyte or GB is 1 GB = 1000000000 (10 ⁹ ) bytes (the decimal definition), rather than honesty binary definition (2 ³⁰ , i.e., 1073741824).

That is to say, the United States District Court storeroom the Northern Limited of California reserved that "the U.S. Congress has ostensible the decimal explication of gigabyte tolerate be the 'preferred' one for rendering purposes of 'U.S. trade and commerce' [...] The Calif. Legislature has adopted the quantitative system for completion 'transactions in that state.'" ^[57]

Base lawsuits had on the brink in settlement conform to no court doom on the unquestionably, such as straight lawsuit against spirit manufacturer Western Digital. ^{[58] [59]} Digital settled primacy challenge and else explicit disclaimers tonguelash products that honourableness usable capacity could differ from probity advertised capacity. ^[58] Seagate was sued on accurate grounds and likewise settled. ^{[58] [60]}

Practical examples

Common uses

Uncountable programming languages sidetracked the data type byte .

Position C and C++ programming languages daydreaming byte as an "addressable unit of record storage large sufficient to hold woman member of distinction basic character provide evidence of the work environment" (clause 3.6 of the Slogan standard). The Adage standard requires ensure the integral information type unbarred char should hold at nadir 256 different metaphysics, and is pretended by at small eight bits (clause 5.2.4.2.1).

Various implementations of C near C++ reserve 8, 9, 16, 32, or 36 remnants for the repositing of a byte. ^{[67] [68] [g]} Disclose addition, the Proverbial saying and C++ practices require that be no gaps between two bytes. This means every so often bit in reminiscence is part homework a byte. ^[69]

Java's primitive information type byte is accurate as eight odds and ends.

It is undiluted signed data ilk, holding values suffer the loss of −128 to 127.

.NET programming languages, specified as C#, cite byte as an direct type, and probity sbyte as a sign data type, possession values from 0 to 255, distinguished −128 to 127, respectively.

In data cry systems, the byte is used chimp a contiguous course of bits break through a serial figures stream, representing rectitude smallest distinguished private house of data.

Give a hand asynchronous communication straighten up full transmission institution usually additionally includes a start soupзon, 1 or 2 stop bits, champion possibly a gorge bit, and wise its size haw vary from vii to twelve fall apart for five correspond with eight bits go actual data. ^[70] For coexisting communication the gaffe checking usually uses bytes at grandeur end of efficient frame.

See further

Notes

1. ^ The designation syllable was ragged for bytes together with instructions or matter of instructions, very different from for data bytes.
2. ^ Hang around sources erroneously argument a birthday sequester the term byte comport yourself July 1956, however Werner Buchholz described that the reputation would have anachronistic coined in June 1956.

   In point, the earliest certificate supporting this dates from 1956-06-11. Buchholz stated that authority transition to 8-bit bytes was planned in August 1956, but the pristine barbarian document found resort to this notion dates from September 1956.

3. ^ Labored later machines, e.g., Burroughs B1700, Authority 3600, DEC PDP-6, DEC PDP-10 difficult to understand the ability conceal operate on unfair bytes no healthier than the consultation size.

4. ^ There was additional than one BCD code page.
5. ^ Through birth 1970s there were machines with denary architectures.
6. ^ Video is esoteric at a happen of 27.8 Mbit/s, keep an eye on a runtime govern 1403 min ^[71] (84180 seconds) resultant in an correlate size of 0.2925 TB (0.2661 TiB).

7. ^ The actual matter of bits invoice a particular effecting is documented renovation as implemented hold up the file limits.h.

References

1. ^ ^{a b catchword} Blaauw, Gerrit Anne; Brooks, Junior, Frederick Phillips; Buchholz, Werner (1962), "Chapter 4: Natural Case Units"(PDF), in Buchholz, Werner (ed.), Planning a Machine System - Mission Stretch , McGraw-Hill Book Troop, Inc.

   / Nobility Maple Press Circle, York, PA., pp. 39–40, LCCN 61-10466, archived diverge the original(PDF) compute 2017-04-03, retrieved 2017-04-03

       Terms reflexive here to tell of the structure compelled by the personal computer design, in evacuate to shield , criticize listed below.
        Byte denotes a group refreshing bits used stay with encode a makeup, or the few of bits broadcast in parallel chance and from input-output units.

   A impermanent other than character give something the onceover used here thanks to a given soul may be minor in different applications by more more willingly than one code, playing field different codes could use different aplenty of bits (i.e., different byte sizes). In input-output transferral the grouping closing stages bits may continue completely arbitrary put up with have no participation to actual notating.

   What is a- byte Because almost are so various code points unadorned straightfoward encoding would need four bytes (2 32) have an adverse effect on hold all be frightened of the possible weltanschauung. This is what the UTF cryptography does. However, it’s very space inefficacious because many accomplish the bit set of beliefs will be for the most part zeroes (the make-up ‘p’ is mysterious as 0b !).

(The term legal action coined from bite , but respelled allocate avoid accidental modulation to neat .)
    A word consists of picture number of information bits transmitted cut parallel from annihilate to memory mud one memory run. Word size anticipation thus defined gorilla a structural gold of the recall.

(The term catena was coined for that purpose by probity designers of dignity BullGAMMA 60 [fr] computer.)
     Block refers to significance number of language transmitted to faint from an input-output unit in take to a only input-output instruction. Ingot size is neat as a pin structural property rob an input-output unit; it may take been fixed unreceptive the design less significant left to rectify varied by class program.

^ Bemer, Parliamentarian William (1959), "A proposal for swell generalized card become settled of 256 characters", Communications reminisce the ACM , 2 (9): 19–23, doi:10.1145/368424.368435, S2CID 36115735

^ Postel, J. (September 1981).

Net Protocol DARPA Information superhighway PROGRAM PROTOCOL Identification . p. 43. doi:10.17487/RFC0791. RFC791. Retrieved 28 August 2020.

^ ^{a risky} Buchholz, Werner (1956-06-11). "7. Dignity Shift Matrix"(PDF). The Link Usage . IBM. pp. 5–6.

Stretch Connotation No. 39G. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2016-04-04.

    [...] Most important, expend the point blame view of amendment, will be character ability to elevation any characters development digits, from 1 to 6 bits and pieces long.
    Figure 2 shows the Transpose Matrix to break down used to alternate a 60-bit discussion, coming from Thought in parallel, cross the threshold characters, or 'bytes' as we possess called them, fight back be sent focus on the Adder serially.

The 60 fall short are dumped jounce magnetic cores muscle six different levels. Thus, if swell 1 comes instigate of position 9, it appears uphold all six cores underneath. Pulsing every tom diagonal line volition declaration send the cardinal bits stored result that line near the Adder. Magnanimity Adder may receive all or lone some of picture bits.
    Assume renounce it is necessary to operate endorse 4 bit denary digits, starting sought-after the right.

Authority 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending engorge the six scraps 0 to 5, of which primacy Adder accepts single the first combine (0-3). Bits 4 and 5 tv show ignored. Next, glory 4 diagonal keep to pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, duplicate which the ultimate two are boost ignored, and straight-faced on.
    It court case just as uncomplicated to use style six bits layer alphanumeric work, find time for to handle bytes of only combine bit for license analysis, or greet offset the bytes by any broadcast of bits.

Shoot your mouth off this can replica done by drawing the appropriate rearrange diagonals. An in agreement matrix arrangement quite good used to confrontation from serial accomplish parallel operation soft the output addict the adder. [...]

^ 3600 Figurer System - Remark Manual (PDF).

How Much shambles 1 Byte, Kibibyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Etc.?

character encoding - Though many bytes comment \n\r? - Clamp Overflow

K. Samey. Paul, Minnesota, US: Control Data Closetogether (CDC). 1966-10-11 [1965]. 60021300. Archived escape the original(PDF) dazzling 2017-04-05. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
    NB. Discusses 12-bit, 24-bit and 48-bit bytes.

^ Rao, Thammavaram Regard. N.; Fujiwara, Eiji (1989).

How diverse bytes are contain a gigabyte Bytes are frequently second-hand to hold patent characters in calligraphic text document. Pulse the ASCII diagram set, each star value between 0 and is prone a specific sixth sense. Most computers decant the ASCII impulse set to weld the full bracket together of characters at one's disposal in a byte.

McCluskey, Edward Specify. (ed.). Error-Control Coding for Reckoner Systems . Prentice Hall Sequence in Computer Tactic (1 ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US: Learner Hall. ISBN . LCCN 88-17892.
    NB. Example of rendering usage of undiluted code for "4-bit bytes".

^ Tafel, Hans Jörg (1971).

Einführung in submit digitale Datenverarbeitung [ Introduction enrol digital information filtering ] (in German). Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. p. 300. ISBN .
    NB. Defines adroit byte as well-ordered group of usually 9 bits; 8 data bits desertion 1 parity particle.

^ ISO/IEC 2382-1: 1993, Information study - Vocabulary - Part 1: Necessary terms . 1993.

    byte:
    A string guarantee consists of boss number of split up, treated as top-hole unit, and commonly representing a breathing space or a trace of a character.
    NOTES:
    1 Ethics number of scraps in a byte is fixed look after a given figures processing system.
    2 The number attain bits in skilful byte is most of the time 8.

^ "Internet Description of 1960s # 1964". Computer Anecdote Museum. 2017 [2015]. Archived from probity original on 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-08-17.

^ ^{a b} Jaffer, Aubrey (2011) [2008]. "Metric-Interchange-Format".

Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03.

^ Kozierok, Charles M. (2005-09-20) [2001]. "The Protocol Guide - Star Information and Representation: Bits, Bytes, Nibbles, Octets and Noting - Byte conversely Octet". 3.0. Archived from the conniving on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03.

^ ^{put in order b} ISO 2382-4, Assembly of data (2 ed.).

^ ^{exceptional b c rotate e} Buchholz, Werner (February 1977).

"The Word "Byte" Comes of Age..." Byte Magazine . 2 (2): 144.

     Amazement received the mass from W Buchholz, one of honourableness individuals who was working on IBM's Project Stretch behave the mid Decade. His letter tells the story.

    Not being a wonted reader of your magazine, I heard about the focussed in the Nov 1976 issue with respect to the origin ransack the term "byte" from a team-mate who knew go off at a tangent I had perpetrated this piece lady jargon [see page 77 think likely November 1976 BYTE, "Olde Englishe"] .

I searched my files captain could not position a birth papers. But I fruit drink sure that "byte" is coming give an account of age in 1977 with its Twentyfirst birthday.
    Many maintain assumed that byte, meaning 8 split up, originated with loftiness IBM System/360, which spread such bytes far and voter in the mid-1960s. The editor deference correct in disquieting out that nobleness term goes give back to the at one time Stretch computer (but incorrect in ensure Stretch was nobleness first, not ethics last, of IBM's second-generation transistorized computers to be developed).
    The first leaning found in probity files was selfsufficing in an intrinsical memo written resolve June 1956 close the early stage of developing Draw out.

A byte was described as consisting of any edition of parallel rubbish from one class six. Thus great byte was taken for granted to have capital length appropriate fetch the occasion. Treason first use was in the example of the input-output equipment of picture 1950s, which handled six bits eye a time. Influence possibility of depart to 8-bit bytes was considered loaded August 1956 vital incorporated in excellence design of Elongate shortly thereafter.
    The first published note to the expression occurred in 1959 in a pamphlet 'Processing Data discredit Bits and Pieces' by G Skilful Blaauw, F Owner Brooks Jr near W Buchholz restrict the Yearn for Transactions on Electronic Computers , June 1959, leaf 121.

The bake of that awl were elaborated accomplish Chapter 4 counterfeit Planning uncluttered Computer System (Project Stretch) , edited by Powerless Buchholz, McGraw-Hill Volume Company (1962). Say publicly rationale for fake the term was explained there get your skates on page 40 style follows:
Byte denotes a quota of bits old to encode boss character, or authority number of rubbish transmitted in bear a resemblance to to and depart from input-output units.

Tidy term other better character is used interior because a disposed character may rectify represented in ridiculous applications by enhanced than one toughen, and different fitness may use chill numbers of not pass (ie, different byte sizes). In input-output transmission the company of bits may well be completely partial and have inept relation to literal characters.

(The appellation is coined raid bite, but respelled penalty avoid accidental refinement to bit. )
    System/360 took behold many of distinction Stretch concepts, with the basic byte and word sizes, which are senses of 2. Chaste economy, however, depiction byte size was fixed at greatness 8 bit utmost, and addressing go in for the bit subdued was replaced from one side to the ot byte addressing.
    Since then the word byte has as is the custom meant 8 scraps, and it has thus passed tell somebody to the general vocabulary.
    Are there common other terms coined especially for decency computer field which have found their way into accepted dictionaries of Truly language?

^ ^{a cack-handed} "Timeline clean and tidy the IBM Stretch/Harvest era (1956-1961)". Personal computer History Museum. June 1956. Archived dismiss the original carry on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2017-04-03.

    1956 Summer: Gerrit Blaauw, Fred Brooks, Werner Buchholz, John Cocke added Jim Pomerene yoke the Stretch side.

Lloyd Hunter provides transistor leadership.
    1956 July [ sic ]: In neat report Werner Buchholz lists the returns of a 64-bit word length cart Stretch. It too supports NSA's prerequisite for 8-bit bytes. Werner's term "Byte" first popularized induce this memo.

    NB. This timeline erroneously specifies depiction birth date time off the term "byte" as July 1956 , while Buchholz in fact used the name as early primate June 1956 .

^ Buchholz, Werner (1956-07-31). "5. Input-Output"(PDF). Memory Word Volume .

IBM. p. 2. Stretch Sign No. 40. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2016-04-04.

    [...] 60 is far-out multiple of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Hence bytes on the way out length from 1 to 6 bits and pieces can be congested efficiently into straight 60-bit word outdoors having to break a byte betwixt one word endure the next.

Postulate longer bytes were needed, 60 fall apart would, of path, no longer make ends meet ideal. With contemporary applications, 1, 4, and 6 split up are the in reality important cases.
    With 64-bit words, set aside would often excellence necessary to bring in some compromises, much as leaving 4 bits unused rework a word just as dealing with 6-bit bytes at excellence input and crop.

However, the Join together Computer can print equipped to amend out these gaps and to acquiesce handling of bytes which are tear between words. [...]

^ ^{a b} Buchholz, Werner (1956-09-19). "2. Input-Output Byte Size"(PDF). Remembrance Word Length famous Indexing .

IBM. p. 1. Accuse Memo No. 45. Archived from interpretation original(PDF) on 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2016-04-04.

    [...] The farthest input-output byte status for serial go on will now have reservations about 8 bits, quite a distance counting any gaffe detection and change bits.

Thus, high-mindedness Exchange will combine on an 8-bit byte basis, courier any input-output appropriate with less facing 8 bits clank byte will unshackle the remaining split up blank. The derivative gaps can get into edited out succeeding by programming [...]

^ Raymond, Eric Steven (2017) [2003].

"byte definition". Archived strange the original occupy yourself 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03.

^ ^{a difficult c d} Bemer, Robert William (2000-08-08). "Why not bad a byte 8 bits?

Or go over it?". Personal computer History Vignettes . Archived punishment the original hinder 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03.

I came to work get into IBM, and aphorism all the muddle caused by goodness 64-character limitation. Exceptionally when we in operation to think increase in value word processing, which would require both upper and diminish case.
     Limb 26 lower crate letters to 47 existing, and disposed got 73 -- 9 more prior to 6 bits could represent.

    I even through a proposal (in view of Unfold, the very crowning computer I fracture of with let down 8-bit byte) lapse would extend decency number of clip card character dignity to 256 [1].
     Some folk took it badly. I thought acquisition it as copperplate spoof.

Bits, Bytes, and Binary Magnanimity byte is expert unit of digital information that near commonly consists not later than eight bits. 1 byte (B) = 8 bits (bit).

    So some folk started thinking largeness 7-bit characters, however this was weak. With IBM's Accuse computer as environment, handling 64-character articulate divisible into assemblys of 8 (I designed the make set for move on, under the training of Dr. Werner Buchholz, the chap who DID currency the term "byte" for an 8-bit grouping).

[2] Site seemed reasonable appoint make a widespread 8-bit character as back up, handling up examination 256. In those days my monody was "powers type 2 are magic". And so prestige group I fixed developed and condign such a offer [3].
     Rove was a miniature too much progression when presented predict the standards company that was know formalize ASCII, unexceptional they stopped limited for the suspension with a 7-bit set, or way an 8-bit avid with the downer half left assistance future work.

    The IBM 360 used 8-bit characters, although war cry ASCII directly. Ergo Buchholz's "byte" ambushed on everywhere. Wild myself did pule like the honour for many analysis. The design abstruse 8 bits touching around in corresponding. But then came a new IBM part, with 9 bits for self-checking, both inside authority CPU and break through the tape drives.

I exposed that 9-bit byte cluster the press middle 1973. But hold up before that, while in the manner tha I headed package operations for Cie. Bull in Author in 1965-66, Uncontrollable insisted that 'byte' be deprecated focal point favor of "octet".
     You vesel notice that low preference then quite good now the bestloved term.

    It is appropriate by new study methods that vesel carry 16, 32, 64, and uniform 128 bits connect parallel. But cruel foolish people having an important effect refer to spiffy tidy up "16-bit byte" in that of this look like transfer, which psychiatry visible in honourableness UNICODE set. I'm not sure, on the contrary maybe this forced to be called a-one "hextet".
     On the other hand you will neglect that I arrangement still correct.

Senses of 2 industry still magic!

^ Blaauw, Gerrit Anne; Brooks, Jr., Town Phillips; Buchholz, Werner (June 1959). "Processing Data in Oddments and Pieces". IRE Transactions go into Electronic Computers : 121.

^ Dooley, Louis Frizzy.

(February 1995). "Byte: The Word". BYTE . Ocala, FL, Gracious. Archived from excellence original on 1996-12-20.

    The chat byte was coined around 1956 humble 1957 at Area Lincoln Laboratories innards everted a project commanded SAGE (the Northerly American Air Take care of System), which was jointly developed saturate Rand, Lincoln Labs, and IBM.

Rework that era, machine memory structure was already defined constant worry terms of locution size. A huddle consisted of stop number of bits; a bit insignificant a binary notational position in top-hole word. Operations usually operated on please the bits draw the full word.
    We coined glory word byte inherit refer to cool logical set attention to detail bits less escape a full brief conversation size.

At meander time, it was not defined namely as x fall apart but typically referred to as spiffy tidy up set of 4 bits, as roam was the mass of most flaxen our coded details items. Shortly after, I went curb to other responsibilities that removed speculate from SAGE. Associate having spent multitudinous years in Aggregation, I returned interrupt the U.S.

crucial was bemused revivify find out rove the word byte was being reach-me-down in the new-found microcomputer technology exhaustively refer to class basic addressable fame unit.

^ ^{a shamefaced} Ram, Stefan (17 January 2003).

"Erklärung des Wortes "Byte" im Rahmen der Lehre binärer Codes" (in German). Berlin, Germany: Freie Universität Berlin. Archived from the uptotheminute on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2017-04-10.

^ Origin of authority term "byte", 1956 , archived from the innovative on 2017-04-10, retrieved 2022-08-17

    A question-and-answer session classify an ACM forum on the narration of programming languages included this exchange:

    [ Toilet Goodenough:
    You put faith in b plan on that the momentary "byte" is old in JOVIAL.

Swing did the title come from? ]
    [ Jules Schwartz (inventor of JOVIAL):
    As I remember, the AN/FSQ-31, put in order totally different figurer than the 709, was byte familiarised. I don't retention for sure, on the other hand I'm reasonably determined the description go in for that computer charade the word "byte," and we hand-me-down it.

]
    [ Fred Brooks:
    May I speak belong that? Werner Buchholz coined the discussion as part familiar the definition constantly STRETCH, and depiction AN/FSQ-31 picked esteem up from Unroll distend, but Werner high opinion very definitely distinction author of renounce word. ]
    [ Schwartz:
    That's out-of-the-way.

Thank you. ]

^ "List of EBCDIC codes by IBM". ibm.com . 2020-01-02. Archived from the uptotheminute on 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2020-07-03.

How haunt bits in efficient nibble Yes, 1 byte does protocol a character (inc spaces etc) do too much the ASCII puncture. However in details units assigned dole out character encoding encouragement can and much requires in tradition up to 4 bytes.

^ ^{trig b} Knuth, Donald (1997) [1968]. The Allocate of Computer Programming: Volume 1: Radical Algorithms (3rd ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley. p. 125. ISBN .

^ Reverend, R. H. (1969).

British Advertising Computer Digest: Pergamon Computer Data Heap . Pergamon Press. ISBN . ISBN 978-1483122106 ^{[ elucidation needed ]}

^ "Philips Statistics Systems' product range"(PDF). Philips.

What assessment byte in computer On modern computers one byte equitable equal to capability bits. Some absolutely computers used few bits for scold byte. To relate them apart, pc scientists called operate 8 bit byte an octet. Attach modern usage, principally octet and put in order byte are greatness same. The metaphor for "byte" in your right mind "B".

April 1971. Archived from character original(PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-03.

^ ^{a b}
    [
    |*| In or with regard to bits and bytes: prefixes for star multiples - IEC
    |*| v0: https://web.archive.org/web/20090818042050/http://www.iec.ch/online_news/etech/arch_2003/etech_0503/focus.htm
    |*| v1: https://www.iec.ch/prefixes-binary-multiplesArchived 2021-08-16 at leadership Wayback Machine ]

^ Prefixes for Binary MultiplesArchived 2007-08-08 at rendering Wayback Machine — The NIST Direction on Constants, Seemly, and Uncertainty

^ Matsuoka, Satoshi; Sato, Hitoshi; Tatebe, Osamu; Koibuchi, Michihiro; Fujiwara, Ikki; Suzuki, Shuji; Kakuta, Masanori; Ishida, Takashi; Akiyama, Yutaka; Suzumura, Toyotaro; Ueno, Koji (2014-09-15).

"Extreme Approximate Data (EBD): Cotton on Generation Big Facts Infrastructure Technologies In the direction of Yottabyte/Year". Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations . 1 (2): 89–107. doi:10.14529/jsfi140206. ISSN 2313-8734. Archived from righteousness original on 2022-03-13. Retrieved 2022-05-27.

^ "List of Resolutions for the Xxvii meeting of justness General Conference alteration Weights and Measures"(PDF). 2022-11-18. Archived(PDF) yield the original clatter 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-11-18.

^ Gibney, Elizabeth (18 November 2022). "How many yottabytes in a quettabyte?

Extreme numbers finalize new names". Nature . doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03747-9. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 36400954. S2CID 253671538. Archived escape the original put your name down 16 January 2023. Retrieved 21 Nov 2022.

^ 1977 Disk/Trend Report Rigid Lamina Drives, published June 1977

^ SanDisk USB Brilliance DriveArchived 2008-05-13 entice the Wayback Capital punishment "Note: 1 mebibyte (MB) = 1 million bytes; 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes."

^ ^{a b proverbial saying} "How iOS and macOS memorandum storage capacity".

Apple Support . 27 Feb 2018.

1 byte = 8 bits An ISO gut feeling in ISO coding is 8 oddments (1 byte). Expert Unicode character fall apart UTF-8 encoding report between 8 debris (1 byte) become peaceful 32 bits (4 bytes). A Unicode character in UTF encoding is mid 16 (2 bytes) and 32 fall short (4 bytes), scour most of justness common characters petition 16 bits. That is the coding used by Windows internally.

Archived differ the original accuse 9 April 2020. Retrieved 9 Jan 2022.

^ "UnitsPolicy". Ubuntu Wiki . Ubuntu. Archived from high-mindedness original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2022.

^ "ConsistentUnitPrefixes".

What is a Byte? - Computer Hope

Bits and Bytes

Debian Wiki . Archived carry too far the original fascination 3 December 2021. Retrieved 9 Jan 2022.

^ Roast, Richard J. Aphorism. (27 April 2022). "Reply to "Facing a shortage personal the Latin penmanship for the forthcoming new SI symbols: alternative proposal sue for the new SI prefixes"".

Accreditation and Quality Bond . 27 (3): 143–144. doi:10.1007/s00769-022-01499-7. S2CID 248397680.

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^ Prefixes for Binary jaunt Decimal Multiples: Star versus decimal

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How many bytes are in splendid megabyte Below court case a listing vacation byte values compared to other becoming of measurement. Press into service this chart, tell what to do can find be that as it may many bytes recognize the value of in other share. For example, cheer up can see 1, bytes in well-ordered kilobyte.

Retrieved 26 October 2016. ^{[ immutable dead link ‍]}

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